Other Toxic Materials and Their Effects
There are a variety of materials and chemicals that can cause serious illness in people who are exposed to them. These toxic materials include:
1,3-butadiene
Where Found: rugs, rug underpaddings, rubber tires, rubber consumer products, nylon, gasoline, auto exhaust, groundwater.
Health Effects: leukemia, lymph cancer, blood cell cancer; tumors of breast, bronchial tubes, stomach, large intestine, liver, heart, thyroid (in mice: testicular tumors, leukemia)
Acetaldehyde
Where Found: body metabolism of alcohol; woodstoves, incinerators, smog, diesel exhaust
Health Effects: DNA and chromosome damage; binds to liver and other cells causing autoimmune responses; upper respiratory irritation, metabolic disruption, lung damage
Acetone
Where Found: adhesives
Health Effects: neurologic damage, lung damage; enhances carbon tetrachloride liver damage (11)
Alkylphenol resin
Where Found: carbonless copy paper (“NCR” forms)
Health Effects: immune responses including itching/burning skin, rash, flushing, wheezing, cough; nausea; hormone (prostaglandin) irregularities
Benzenes (benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene, others)
Where Found: gasoline (auto exhaust & interiors, gas stations) diesel exhaust, building materials, plastics, polypropylene food containers, cooked foods, printers, printed & copied paper, copy machines, incinerators, tobacco smoke, woodsmoke, marihuana smoke
Health Effects: bronchial, colon, and liver damage; leukemia; DNA damage; tumors including brain, liver, stomach, lung; cardiac abnormalities, eye irritation, drowsiness, unconsciousness, uncoordination, heart attack (in mice: birth defects, tumors)
BHT (butylated hydroxy-toluene)
Where Found: migration from polyethylene food packaging, additive in foods (cereals, fats, meats, potatoes, others)
Health Effects: allergic reactions, possible cancer possible kidney damage (animals: behavioural changes in offspring)(22)
Carbon disulfide
Where Found: solvents, dry-cleaning, painting, spray painting, glue work, varnishes
Health Effects: peripheral nerve damage, emotional instability, insomnia, lessening of libido
Carbon monoxide
Where Found: woodsmoke, tobacco smoke, auto and diesel exhaust
Health Effects: lung damage & irritation; carboxy-hemoglobin neutralizes blood oxygen transport (9)
Chlorinated water
Where Found: drinking water, shower vapour
Health Effects: immune depression (anti-tumor macrophages)
Chlorobenzene pesticides ( DDT, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, mirex; others)
Where Found: food chain: fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, poultry, human fat, mother’s milk; body fat, contaminated soils, groundwater
Health Effects: brain transmitter changes including neurological ‘kindling’; breast cancer (in test bacteria: genetic mutations; in mice: developmental learning deficits). Many are partially or completely untested
Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
Where Found: solvents, incinerators, groundwater
Health Effects: liver- lung- & enzyme damage, cancers, kidney damage, cardiac abnormalities, heart attack
Chlorpyrifos
Where Found: food residues; widely used home and agricultural pesticide, herbicide; active metabolite found in urine of 5.8% of U.S population
Health Effects: peripheral nerve damage, autoimmune disease, antibiotic allergy, memory loss, multiple chemical sensitivity, headaches, nausea, muscle cramps; effects are accelerated by other organophosphate pesticides (33-37)
DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate)
Where Found: plasticizer, food wraps, vinyl blood bags: leaches into blood during storage
Health Effects: likely toxicity to lungs, liver, reproductive organs; possibly carcinogenic (in animals: fetaltoxicity, lung abnormalities)
Dioxins
Where Found: contaminant in pesticides, herbicides, technical products; now worldwide in air, water, meat, fish, human body (especially fat, liver); formed in incineration, electrical fires,woodsmoke, chemical reactions (possibly sewage sludge)
Health Effects: genetic damage, vitamin A dysregulation, liver toxicity, altered fat metabolism, chlorachne (skin cysts, scarring) thymus atrophy, impaired resistance to infection, breast cancer, nerve transmission damage (in animals: fetal damage, immune damage, enzyme changes)
Ethanol
Where Found: glue, alcoholic beverages
Health Effects: fetal damage, developmental delay, neurologic damage, cirrhosis of liver, zinc and selenium deficiencies; accelerates liver damage of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and nitrosamines; interferes with body processing of styrene, xylene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, trichloroethylene, benzene
Formaldehyde
Where Found: solvents, printing, fabrics, mattresses, tobacco smoke, woodsmoke, foam insulation, particle board, car and diesel exhaust, smog, groundwater
Heath Effects: lung damage, impaired memory & dexterity, immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions; asthma, rhinitis; irritation of eyes and respiration
Glycol ethers
Where Found: antifreeze, paint, glue, adhesives, sealants, caulking compounds, printed circuit boards, dyeing, inks
Health Effects: reproductive poisons, red blood cell damage, liver damage (in animals: fetal growth retardation, skeletal defects, testicular lesions) (49)
Halothane
Where Found: recently the most common general anesthetic; still in use as pediatric anesthetic
Health Effects: neurologic damage, liver damage (in rodents: developmental brain damage, reduced learning and exploration in offspring, neurotransmitter changes) (11, 50, 51)
Hexachlorobenzene
Where Found: cleaners, fungicide
Health Effects: immune suppression, reduced T&B cell responses (in mice: impaired resistance to infection)
Hexachlorophene
Where Found: disinfectant, cleaning agent, soaps; used to wash hospital newborns from 1950’s to 1973
Health Effects: nausea, vomiting, convulsions, central and peripheral nerve damage, kidney damage; caused brain lesions and death when used to wash newborn premature babies
Hydrazine
Where Found: food additives, photographic supplies, herbicides, pesticides, textiles, drugs, plastics
Health Effects: autoimmune disease (lupus)
MBT ( 2 -mercaptobenzothiazole)
Where Found:blood vial stoppers, syringes; rubber nipples & pacifiers and other rubber products
Health Effects: damage to cell walls (cell death), allergy, rubber allergy (in animals: cancer)
Methanol
Where Found: glue, antifreeze, paint, cement, ink, windshield-wiper solvent; industrial uses
Health Effects: neurologic damage, blindness, lung and gastro-intestinal problems; dizziness, headache
Methyl ethyl ketone
Where Found: solvents, photochemical smog
Health Effects: lung irritation and damage
Methyl n butyl ketone
Where Found: solvents, glue, varnish
Health Effects: peripheral nerve damage, loss of motor control and reflexes, tremor, weight loss, muscle weakness (in rodents: nerve cell degeneration)
Methylene chloride
Where Found: pesticide sprays, gaseous lubricants, aerosols, degreasers, waxes, paints, paint-removers, varnishes
Health Effects: heart muscle damage, heartbeat changes; creates carbon monoxide (in animals: cancers)
N-hexane
Where Found: building materials, vegetable oil extraction, gasoline, solvents, glue, roofing glue, varnish, vinyl production, printing inks, paints, dry-cleaning, spray painting
Health Effects: nerve cell damage, peripheral limb nerve damage; headache, cramps
Nitrogen dioxide
Where Found: incinerators, woodsmoke, smog, auto and diesel emissions; coal, oil & gas stoves
Health Effects: lung & respiratory damage, pulmonary fluid, fatty acid oxidation, bronchitis, childhood bronchitis; forms methemoglobin in blood (in mice: reduced resistance to infection, lung cell damage)
Nitrosamines
Where Found: consumer rubbers (tires, baby nipples and pacifiers), soaps, cosmetics, tobacco smoke, food & food containers and packaging, marihuana smoke, pesticides, herbicides, industrial uses
Health Effects: DNA damage, cancers, cell death (in 30 animal species tested: cancers)
Ozone
Where Found: incinerators, photochemical smog, diesel and auto exhaust, laser printers
Health Effects: lung immune system damag (B-cells), bronchial constriction, fatty acid oxidation, enzyme de-activation (in mice and rabbits: lung lesions; in rats: fat metabolism damage, increased deaths)
PBBs (polybrominated biphenyls)
Where Found: flame retardants (rugs, plastics, clothing, furnishings)
Health Effects: immune depression (T&B cells)
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
Where Found: leakage from transformers; disposal of copy papers, paints/plasticizers pesticide extenders, flame retardants, adhesives, coolants, inks, hydraulic fluids; human, fish, and animal fat; groundwater
Health Effects: genetic damage causing developmental & cognitive retardation, vitamin A dysregulation, chlorachne, immune depression, peripheral nerve damage, liver damage, respiratory problems, thyroid hormone dysregulation, decreases in reaction time, spatial learning, short-term memory; excess pigmentation (in animals: tumors, growth retardation, behavioural changes, fetal death, increase infection)
Pentachlorophenol
Where Found: wood preservative, packaging preservative, insecticide, metabolite of lindane & hexachlorobenzene; found in urine of 75% of U.S. population
Health Effects: possible genetic damage, suspected cancers; commonly contaminated with dioxins (in animals: fetal death and mutations)
Phenols
Where Found: disinfectants, insecticides, fungicides (especially citrus fruit), food additives, tobacco, marihuana, natural food occurrences, incinerators
Health Effects: nausea, vomiting, paralysis, coma (in cats, dogs: immune depression; in mice: trace amounts cause immune dysfunction of yeast-killing macrophages)
Solvents (mixed) (usually some combination of: benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, acetone, methanol, phenol, alkylphenol, dichloromethane)
Where Found: paints, glues, degreasers, thinners, extractors, dyes, industrial manufacturing, laboratories
Health Effects: brain, skeletal, and other birth defects; brain cell degeneration; panic attacks, impaired memory, depression; visuospatial and perceptual impairment
Styrene
Where Found: rubber, carpet backing, rug underpaddings, photocopiers, copy paper, laser printers, polystyrene food containers (yogurt, others)
Health Effects: genetic mutations, chromosome aberrations; interference with liver enzymes, dermatitis; skin, nasal & respiratory irritations, fatigue, irritability; decreases in manual dexterity, concentration, and reaction times (in mice: tumors and increased death rate)
Sulphur dioxide
Where Found: car and diesel exhaust, incinerators, woodsmoke, smog
Health Effects: lung & respiratory damage, bronchiospasm, airway irritation (in mice: increased infection)
Tetracycline
Where Found: antibiotic
Health Effects: fetal malformations; chelates bone calcium
Toluene (methyl benzene)
Where Found: paint, solvents, carpets, plastic & rubber cements, white-out fluid, glue,roofing glue, photocopiers, print shops, dry-cleaning, spray painting varnishes, building materials, incinerators, smog, gasoline, groundwater (drinking, skin absorption), printed paper
Health Effects: damages: menstruation, respiratory system, brain, reproductive system, verbal memory, short-term memory, reaction speed; increases emotional reactivity and awake periods; induces asthma, blood vessel dilation, hearing loss
Toluene-diisocyanate
Where Found: typing correction fluid, polyurethane foams and elastomers (insulation, cushions), industrial uses
Health Effects: immediate (type 1) immune reactions, other immune-system changes; damage to mucous membranes; cough, wheeze; irritation of eyes, lungs
Trichloroethylene
Where Found: dry-cleaning, painting, spray painting, glue work, dewaxing and degreasing agents, insecticides, drain cleaners, printing inks, solvents, varnishes; incinerators
Health Effects: damage to cranial and trigeminal (nasal) nerves, liver; brain fatty acid changes; narcotic symptoms: dizziness, nausea, numbness, alcohol intolerance; disruptions in memory and understanding; cardiac abnormalities, heart attack (in mice: cancers)
Vinyl chloride
Where Found: plastic wraps (‘Saran Wrap’), PVC plastics, pipes and connectors; packing materials, wire and cable coatings, footwear, spray-propellant gas, hard flooring, vinyl records, groundwater.
Health Effects: liver, brain & lung cancers; trigeminal nerve damage, ‘vinyl chloride disease’ (loss of bone calcium, auto-immune complexes, peripheral nerve damage, Raynaud’s symptoms, immune complex disorder); skin damage, T-cell depression, kidney damage; sexual and sleep disorders
Xylene
Where Found: paints, thinners, solvents, gasoline, polystyrene cups, adhesives, roofing glue, building materials, varnish, cleaners, paper, photochemical smog, groundwater.
Health Effects: lung enzyme damage, upper respiratory irritation, fatigue, headache, nausea; impaired balance and reaction times
CONTACT
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